
Study design
Design:
Study group formation:
Time period of study:
Primary outcome domains examined:
Increase long-term earnings, Increase long-term employmentOther outcome domains examined:
NoneStudy funded by:
Results
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Outcome domain | Measure | Timing | Study quality by finding | Comparison group mean | Intervention group mean | Impact | Units | Findings | Sample size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Increase long-term earnings | Average annual earnings, follow-up period | Years 1–4 |
High ![]() |
10,189.00 | 9,182.00 | -1,007.00 | 2004 dollars |
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255 |
Increase long-term employment | Employed at any time in follow-up period | Years 1–4 |
High ![]() |
92.40 | 92.00 | -0.40 | percentage points |
![]() |
255 |
High
Moderate
The findings quality describe our confidence that a given study’s finding is because of the intervention. We do not display findings that rate low.
A moderate-to-large favorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance
A moderate-to-large favorable finding that might to be due to chance
A small favorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance
A small favorable finding that might be due to chance
A favorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size
A favorable finding that might be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size
A moderate-to-large unfavorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance
A moderate-to-large unfavorable finding that might to be due to chance
A small unfavorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance
A small unfavorable finding that might be due to chance
An unfavorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size
An unfavorable finding that might be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size
A finding that is unlikely to be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size or direction
A finding of no effect that might be due to chance
Sample characteristics
Clients were recipients of TANF benefits who worked 20 or more hours a week but earned too little to leave public assistance. All clients were members of two-parent families. Across study groups and ERA sites including two-parent families, the sample included 1,283 men and 1,536 women. The average age was 31 years, and 38 percent lacked a high school diploma or equivalent. About half (50 percent) were White, 12 percent were Black, and 32 percent were Hispanic.
Age
Mean age | 31 years |
Sex
Female | 54% |
Male | 46% |
Participant race and ethnicity
Black or African American | 12% |
White, not Hispanic | 50% |
Another race | 5% |
Hispanic or Latino of any race | 32% |
The race and ethnicity categories may sum to more than 100 percent if the authors reported race and ethnicity separately; in these cases, we report the category White, rather than White, not Hispanic.
Family status
Parents | 100% |
Participant employment and public benefit status
Were employed | 100% |
Were eligible for or receiving cash assistance | 100% |
Participant education
Had a high school diploma or GED | 62% |
Did not have a high school diploma or GED | 38% |
Intervention implementation
Implementing organization:
Program history:
Intervention services:
Mandatory services:
Comparison services:
Service receipt duration:
Intervention funding:
Study publications
Williams, Sonya, and Stephen Freedman (2010). The Employment Retention and Advancement project: Background characteristics and patterns of employment, earnings, and public assistance receipt of adults in two-parent families, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at https://www.mdrc.org/publication/background-characteristics-and-patterns-employment-earnings-and-public-assistance.
View the glossary for more information about these and other terms used on this page.
The Pathways Clearinghouse refers to interventions by the names used in study reports or manuscripts. Some intervention names may use language that is not consistent with our style guide, preferences, or the terminology we use to describe populations.
3.3096.06-Riverside, Californi