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Summary

Maximum Customer Choice provided optional counseling and paid $3,000 to $5,000 in training costs to improve training participation for dislocated workers and adults eligible for the Workforce Investment Act (WIA). This evaluation directly compared Maximum Customer Choice with a separate program, Structured Customer Choice, to better understand which of the two programs might be more effective; the distinctive features of Maximum Customer Choice were optional counseling, participant selection of training programs, and lower coverage of training costs.

Maximum Customer Choice participants could request counseling from program staff to guide them to appropriate training selections, but they did not automatically receive counseling. Participants received an individual training account (ITA) in the amount of $3,000 to $5,000, depending on the program site. Most Maximum Customer Choice participants requested counseling and completed counseling and training program selection in five sessions. Then, participants engaged in their selected training program for an average of 18 weeks. Program participants were dislocated workers and adults, 18 years or older, who were eligible to receive training funded by WIA. The program operated in eight sites: Atlanta, GA; Bridgeport, CT; Charlotte, NC; Jacksonville, FL; Maricopa County, AZ; North Cook County, IL; northeast GA; and Phoenix, AZ.

Comparing the effectiveness of Maximum Customer Choice to the effectiveness of Structured Customer Choice indicates the effect of being referred to a set of services that includes those unique to Maximum Customer Choice; the comparison indicates how much better the offer of Maximum Customer Choice meets participants’ needs than the offer of Structured Customer Choice. Participants in Maximum Customer Choice, could choose to participate in counseling, could independently select their training program, and had ITA amounts of $3,000 to $5,000 (fixed by location). In contrast, participants in Structured Customer Choice received an ITA of up to $8,000; were required to participate in eight vocational counseling activities (including a mandatory orientation, guidance on selecting a high-return occupation, and guidance on assessing the relative costs and benefits of various training programs); and received directive counseling, in which program staff could reject participants’ training selections. The study that compared Structured Customer Choice with Maximum Customer Choice also evaluated Guided Customer Choice.

Populations and employment barriers: At least a high school diploma or equivalent, Unemployed

Implementation at a glance

Primary service
Tuition assistance/financial aid
Program services
Job readiness, Tuition assistance/financial aid
Setting(s)
Tested in multiple settings
Year evaluation began
2001
Implementing organization(s)Local workforce agencies; multiple public and private training organizations

Effectiveness rating and effect by outcome domain

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Outcome domain Term Effectiveness rating Effect in 2024 dollars and percentages Effect in standard deviations Sample size
Increase earnings Short-term Little evidence to assess support unfavorable $-1,312 per year -0.036 5271
Long-term Cannot assess support
Very long-term Little evidence to assess support unfavorable $-36 per year -0.001 5274
Increase employment Short-term Little evidence to assess support favorable 0% (in percentage points) 0.011 5271
Long-term Cannot assess support
Very long-term Little evidence to assess support favorable 1% (in percentage points) 0.031 2182
Decrease benefit receipt Short-term Little evidence to assess support unfavorable $141 per year 0.041 5271
Long-term Cannot assess support
Very long-term Little evidence to assess support unfavorable $213 per year 0.062 2183
Increase education and training All measurement periods Little evidence to assess support favorable 2% (in percentage points) 0.041 2183

Effectiveness ratings

  • Well- supported
  • Supported
  • Mixed support
  • Not supported
  • Insufficient evidence
  • Cannot assess support

Studies of this program

Study quality rating Study counts per rating
High High 1

Program cost

No cost information available.

Cost results

Estimate (in 2024 dollars) Quality of cost analysis that produced the estimate
Total program cost, per participant $3,437
Good quality
Net benefit to participants, per participant -$2,285
Outstanding quality

Cost information

How much did the program cost per participant? 

The average total program cost per participant was $3,437 in 2024 dollars. This figure is based on cost information for this program reported in one cost study reviewed by Pathways to Work (for details, see the FAQ). This study received a rating of Good quality for the cost analysis.

How much did the program cost relative to the benefits it generated? 

A cost-benefit analysis was conducted in the cost study reviewed, receiving a rating of Outstanding quality. The net benefit to participants was -$2,285 per participant in 2024 dollars. This means that the net program benefit to participants (difference in benefits between the program and comparison group) was $2,285 less than the net cost of the program to participants. The estimate is expressed as the net present value, which accounts for differences in the timing of when benefits and costs occurred. In addition, the net benefit to government was $1,012 per participant in 2024 dollars. The net benefit to society was -$1,271 per participant in 2024 dollars.

Cost information is not directly comparable across programs due to differences in the categories of costs reported and program length. Cost information is not an official price tag or guarantee.

Implementation details

Local context

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