
Study design
Design:
Study group formation:
Time period of study:
Primary outcome domains examined:
Increase short-term earnings, Increase long-term earnings, Increase short-term employment, Increase long-term employment, Decrease short-term benefit receipt, Decrease long-term benefit receiptOther outcome domains examined:
Physical health, Housing, Couple relationshipsStudy funded by:
Results
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Outcome domain | Measure | Timing | Study quality by finding | Comparison group mean | Intervention group mean | Impact | Units | Findings | Sample size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Increase short-term earnings | Average quarterly earnings, annual | Year 1 |
High ![]() |
1,150.00 | 1,146.00 | -4.00 | 1996 dollars |
![]() |
2,896 |
Increase long-term earnings | Average quarterly earnings, three quarters | Quarters 9–11 |
High ![]() |
1,881.00 | 2,032.00 | 151.00 | 1998 dollars |
![]() |
2,896 |
Increase short-term employment | Ever employed, quarterly | Quarter 6 |
High ![]() |
52.00 | 55.90 | 3.90 | percentage points |
![]() |
2,896 |
Increase long-term employment | Ever employed, quarterly | Quarter 12 |
High ![]() |
55.10 | 58.40 | 3.30 | percentage points |
![]() |
2,896 |
Decrease short-term benefit receipt | Average quarterly cash welfare and Food Stamp/SNAP benefits, annual | Year 1 |
High ![]() |
1,317.00 | 1,289.00 | -28.00 | 1996 dollars |
![]() |
2,896 |
Decrease short-term benefit receipt | Average quarterly cash welfare and Food Stamp/SNAP receipt, annual | Year 1 |
High ![]() |
74.20 | 74.20 | 0.00 | percentage points |
![]() |
2,896 |
Decrease long-term benefit receipt | Average quarterly cash welfare and Food Stamp/SNAP benefits, three quarters | Quarters 9–11 |
High ![]() |
835.00 | 709.00 | -126.00 | 1998 dollars |
![]() |
2,896 |
Decrease long-term benefit receipt | Average quarterly cash welfare and Food Stamp/SNAP receipt, three quarters | Quarters 9–11 |
High ![]() |
47.00 | 43.10 | -3.90 | percentage points |
![]() |
2,896 |
High
Moderate
The findings quality describe our confidence that a given study’s finding is because of the intervention. We do not display findings that rate low.
A moderate-to-large favorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance
A moderate-to-large favorable finding that might to be due to chance
A small favorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance
A small favorable finding that might be due to chance
A favorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size
A favorable finding that might be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size
A moderate-to-large unfavorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance
A moderate-to-large unfavorable finding that might to be due to chance
A small unfavorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance
A small unfavorable finding that might be due to chance
An unfavorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size
An unfavorable finding that might be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size
A finding that is unlikely to be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size or direction
A finding of no effect that might be due to chance
Sample characteristics
The study included urban, single-parent families that had recently applied for AFDC. Within the sample of all recent, single-parent AFDC applicants in the study (including rural participants not eligible to be assigned to the MFIP Incentives Only group), the average age was 29. Sample members were predominantly from urban areas (84 percent), were female (88 percent), and were White (65 percent). Three-quarters had earnings in the year before random assignment, and 23 percent were currently employed. About one-quarter (24 percent) lacked a high school diploma or equivalent certification, and 16 percent had a postsecondary degree.
Age
Mean age | 29 years |
Sex
Female | 88% |
Male | 12% |
Participant race and ethnicity
Black or African American | 24% |
White | 65% |
American Indian or Alaska Native | 5% |
Unknown, not reported, or other | 3% |
Hispanic or Latino of any race | 3% |
The race and ethnicity categories may sum to more than 100 percent if the authors reported race and ethnicity separately; in these cases, we report the category White, rather than White, not Hispanic.
Family status
Parents | 100% |
Single parents | 100% |
Participant employment and public benefit status
Were employed | 23% |
Were eligible for or receiving cash assistance | 100% |
Participant education
Had some postsecondary education | 16% |
Had a high school diploma or GED | 77% |
Did not have a high school diploma or GED | 24% |
Intervention implementation
Implementing organization:
Program history:
Intervention services:
Mandatory services:
Comparison services:
Service receipt duration:
Intervention funding:
Study publications
Miller, Cynthia, Virginia Knox, Lisa A. Gennetian, Martey Dodoo, Jo Anna Hunter, and Cindy Redcross (2000). Reforming welfare and rewarding work: Final report on the Minnesota Family Investment Program—Volume 1: Effects on adults, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at Available at https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/mfip_vol1_adult.pdf.
Miller, Cynthia, Virginia Knox, Patricia Auspos, Jo Anna Hunger-Manns, and Alan Orenstein (1997). Making welfare work and work pay: Implementation and 18-month impacts of the Minnesota Family Investment Program, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at https://www.acf.hhs.gov/opre/resource/making-welfare-work-and-work-pay-implementation-and-18-month-impacts-of-the.
View the glossary for more information about these and other terms used on this page.
The Pathways Clearinghouse refers to interventions by the names used in study reports or manuscripts. Some intervention names may use language that is not consistent with our style guide, preferences, or the terminology we use to describe populations.
3020.3147.06-Minnesota Family Inv