
Study design
Design:
Study group formation:
Time period of study:
Primary outcome domains examined:
Increase short-term earnings, Increase long-term earnings, Increase short-term employment, Increase long-term employment, Decrease short-term benefit receipt, Decrease long-term benefit receipt, Increase education and trainingOther outcome domains examined:
Mental health, Parenting and co-parenting, Child well-being, Child careStudy funded by:
Results
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Outcome domain | Measure | Timing | Study quality by finding | Comparison group mean | Intervention group mean | Impact | Units | Findings | Sample size |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Increase short-term earnings | Annual earnings | Year 1 |
High ![]() |
7,951.00 | 8,197.00 | 246.00 | 2005 dollars |
![]() |
597 |
Increase short-term earnings | Current hourly wage | Month 18 |
High ![]() |
5.99 | 5.41 | -0.58 | 2007 dollars |
![]() |
491 |
Increase short-term earnings | Total earnings over follow-up period | Quarters 1-6 |
High ![]() |
21,540.00 | 22,207.00 | 667.00 | 2006 dollars |
![]() |
597 |
Increase long-term earnings | Annual earnings | Year 3 |
High ![]() |
8,815.00 | 9,819.00 | 1,004.00 | 2007 dollars |
![]() |
597 |
Increase long-term earnings | Weekly earnings | 42 months |
High ![]() |
230.00 | 214.00 | -16.00 | 2009 dollars |
![]() |
478 |
Increase short-term employment | Currently employed (fathers) | Month 18 |
High ![]() |
41.00 | 41.70 | 0.70 | percentage points |
![]() |
491 |
Increase short-term employment | Currently employed (mothers) | Month 18 |
High ![]() |
64.40 | 63.40 | -1.00 | percentage points |
![]() |
491 |
Increase short-term employment | Ever employed, annual | Year 1 |
High ![]() |
79.20 | 81.90 | 2.70 | percentage points |
![]() |
597 |
Increase short-term employment | Ever employed, quarterly | Quarter 6 |
High ![]() |
76.90 | 74.20 | -2.70 | percentage points |
![]() |
597 |
Increase long-term employment | Currently employed (mothers) | 42 months |
High ![]() |
62.00 | 58.00 | -4.00 | percentage points |
![]() |
478 |
Increase long-term employment | Employed for eight consecutive quarters | Year 3 |
High ![]() |
45.60 | 49.20 | 3.60 | percentage points |
![]() |
597 |
Increase long-term employment | Ever employed, annual | Year 3 |
High ![]() |
73.40 | 78.00 | 4.60 | percentage points |
![]() |
597 |
Increase long-term employment | Longest job spell since random assignment | 42 months |
High ![]() |
23.60 | 21.10 | -2.50 | months |
![]() |
478 |
Decrease short-term benefit receipt | Percentage of household income from cash assistance at time of survey | 18 months |
High ![]() |
18.40 | 17.50 | -0.90 | percentage points |
![]() |
491 |
Decrease short-term benefit receipt | Percentage of household income from Food Stamps at time of survey | 18 months |
High ![]() |
51.10 | 56.50 | 5.40 | percentage points |
![]() |
491 |
Decrease short-term benefit receipt | Percentage of household income from Supplemental Security Income or disability income at time of survey | 18 months |
High ![]() |
18.80 | 15.80 | -3.00 | percentage points |
![]() |
491 |
Decrease long-term benefit receipt | Received cash assistance in month before 42-month survey | 42 months |
High ![]() |
11.40 | 11.20 | -0.20 | percentage points |
![]() |
478 |
Decrease long-term benefit receipt | Received Food Stamps in the month before the 42-month survey | 42 months |
High ![]() |
53.70 | 57.60 | 3.90 | percentage points |
![]() |
478 |
Increase education and training | Received high school diploma or GED | 18 months |
High ![]() |
7.40 | 6.40 | -1.00 | percentage points |
![]() |
491 |
High
Moderate
The findings quality describe our confidence that a given study’s finding is because of the intervention. We do not display findings that rate low.
A moderate-to-large favorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance
A moderate-to-large favorable finding that might to be due to chance
A small favorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance
A small favorable finding that might be due to chance
A favorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size
A favorable finding that might be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size
A moderate-to-large unfavorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance
A moderate-to-large unfavorable finding that might to be due to chance
A small unfavorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance
A small unfavorable finding that might be due to chance
An unfavorable finding that is unlikely to be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size
An unfavorable finding that might be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size
A finding that is unlikely to be due to chance, but we cannot determine the standardized effect size or direction
A finding of no effect that might be due to chance
Sample characteristics
Most primary parents in the families enrolled in the study were female (90 percent), were White (86 percent), and held a GED or high school diploma (67 percent). On average, the primary parent was 26 years old and had never been married (54 percent).
Age
Mean age | 26 years |
Young adults | 12% |
Sex
Female | 90% |
Male | 10% |
Participant race and ethnicity
Black or African American | 8% |
White | 86% |
Unknown, not reported, or other | 1% |
Hispanic or Latino of any race | 5% |
The race and ethnicity categories may sum to more than 100 percent if the authors reported race and ethnicity separately; in these cases, we report the category White, rather than White, not Hispanic.
Family status
Married | 29% |
Parents | 100% |
Participant education
Had some postsecondary education | 8% |
Had a high school diploma or GED | 67% |
Intervention implementation
Implementing organization:
Program history:
Intervention services:
Mandatory services:
Comparison services:
Service receipt duration:
Intervention funding:
Cost information:
These figures are based on cost information reported by study authors. The Pathways Clearinghouse converted that information to a single amount expressed in 2018 dollars; for details, see the FAQ. This information is not an official price tag or guarantee.
Study publications
Hsueh, JoAnn, and Mary E. Farrell (2012). Enhanced Early Head Start with employment services: 42-month impacts from the Kansas and Missouri sites of the Enhanced Services for the Hard-to-Employ Demonstration and Research Project, OPRE Report #2012-05, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at https://www.acf.hhs.gov/opre/resource/enhanced-early-head-start-with-employment-services-42-month-impacts-from.
Hsueh, JoAnn, Erin Jacobs, and Mary Farrell (2011). A two-generational child-focused program enhanced with employment services: Eighteen-month impacts from the Kansas and Missouri sites of the enhanced services for the Hard-to-Employ Demonstration and Evaluation project, Washington, DC: Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Available at https://www.acf.hhs.gov/opre/resource/a-two-generational-child-focused-program-enhanced-with-employment.
View the glossary for more information about these and other terms used on this page.
The Pathways Clearinghouse refers to interventions by the names used in study reports or manuscripts. Some intervention names may use language that is not consistent with our style guide, preferences, or the terminology we use to describe populations.
0713-Evaluation of Enhanc